Arithmetic Module

The Arithmetic Module allows you to apply defined mathematical and logical functions to the inputs, and updates its output registers with the results of the calculations.

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Overview

A wide variety of defined functions are provided, and virtually any type of calculation can be performed.

Many calculations require previous values of a variable in addition to the current value in order to establish a rate of change. The Arithmetic module stores x previous values read at each Source input (the number of previous values, x, depends on the ION device you are using, and these values are easily referenced in Arithmetic module formulas).

NOTE: The registers and settings available in this module depend on the device or node you are configuring, as well as its firmware and template versions. Not all registers or settings are available on all devices or the Virtual Processor, and labels may vary.

Inputs

Source 1 - n

These are the inputs upon which the Arithmetic module’s calculations can be performed. They can be numeric or Boolean registers from any other module’s outputs. Linking these inputs is optional; any input you do not link will not have a value available for use in calculations. The number of Source 1 - n inputs available depends on the device you are using as follows:

Node type	Maximum number of Source inputs
PM8000 series, ION7400 series, ION9000 series	16
All other ION meters	8
Virtual processor	50

Enable

This input enables or disables the Arithmetic module (by setting it to ON or OFF, respectively). Calculations on the formulas contained in the setup registers are not performed when the module is disabled. This input is optional; if you leave it unlinked, the module is enabled by default.

Reset

This input resets the Arithmetic module. It can be linked to a pulse output from any other module’s output. This input is optional; if you leave it unlinked, it never receives a pulse. When a reset occurs, all previous Source input values become NOT AVAILABLE, and all previous formula result values are set to zero. Note that the Reset input overrides the Enable input: a reset clears previous values even when the module is disabled.

NOTE: The Reset input still functions if the module’s Enable input is OFF.

CalcNow (calculate now)

The Arithmetic module performs the calculations contained in its setup registers when this input is pulsed. This input can be the pulse output of any other module. If CalculateNow is not linked, the formulas contained in the module’s Formula setup registers will be calculated as follows:

• For meters, the module calculates once every second (this corresponds to the default update rate of Arithmetic modules).
• For the Virtual Processor, the module calculates 10 times per second (this corresponds to the default value for the Virtual Processor’s module update period, 100 milliseconds). If you change the Virtual Processor’s module update period (this is one of the global parameters you can change through the Virtual Processor Setup utility), the calculation frequency will change accordingly. If you want to set the calculation frequency to once every 1 second, create a Periodic Timer module, set its frequency (once per second), and link its output register to the Virtual Processor Arithmetic module’s CalculateNow input.

NOTE: The Virtual Processor’s module update period can be viewed from the Factory module’s Modl Period setup register.

Setup registers

Formula 1 to Formula m

The Arithmetic Module has one Formula setup register for each Result output register.

The number of setup registers depends on the device; refer to the following table:

Node type	Setup register	Register bounds
ION meters	Formula 1 to Formula m	Must not exceed 49 characters in length
Virtual processor	Formula 1 to Formula m	Must not exceed 249 characters in length

The formula you enter in a setup register does not need to reference the corresponding Source input, or any input at all. As long as the formula uses correct syntax (as discussed later) the Result output corresponding to that setup register will be updated with the result of the calculation. Conversely, you can reference any Source input (or combination of Source inputs) in any setup register.

NOTE: The number of setup registers, Source inputs and Result output registers depends on the device you are using. The number of Source inputs can be different than the number of Result outputs, but there will always be a setup register for each Result output.

For example, consider the formula SUM(S2:S5) entered into setup register 1. The result of this calculation will be the sum of the Source inputs 2 through 5. This result will be written into the Result 1 output register, even though the calculation is not related to Source input 1.

N/A Conversion

This register defines if and how the module converts Source inputs that are NOT AVAILABLE. If converted, the module performs its calculations using the converted value as the Source input value.

Option	Description
None	N/A Source inputs are not converted
Convert to -1	N/A Source inputs are set to -1
Convert to 0	N/A Source inputs are set to 0
Convert to 1	N/A Source inputs are set to 1
Use last value if available, else -1	N/A Source inputs are set to their last good value; if the last good value is not known, the input is set to -1
Use last value if available, else 0	N/A Source inputs are set to their last good value; if the last good value is not known, the input is set to 0
Use last value if available, else 1	N/A Source inputs are set to their last good value; if the last good value is not known, the input is set to 1

Output registers

Result 1 - m

These output registers contain the results calculated by the formulas in their corresponding setup registers. The number of Result outputs available to an Arithmetic module matches the number of Formula setup registers; refer to Setup Registers above.

Unlike other modules, the Arithmetic Module’s output registers do not depend directly on inputs. A Result output will be NOT AVAILABLE only if its corresponding Formula setup register contains one of the following:

• a formula that references a Source input that is NOT AVAILABLE
• a formula that results in a number that can’t be displayed (such as a complex number)
• no formula at all

Event

Any events produced by the Arithmetic module are recorded in the Event register.

Possible events and their associated priority numbers are shown in the following table.

Event priority group	Priority	Description
Reset	5	A module reset has occurred
Setup Change	10	Input links, setup registers or labels have changed

The Event output register stores the following information for each ION event: time stamp, priority, cause, effect, and any values or conditions associated with the cause and effect.

Formula rules

Discussions in this section refer to operators and operands. In the simplest form, a formula’s operator is the function being performed, and its operand is the number or expression the function is being applied to. For example, in the formula arcsin(S1), the operator is the function arcsin and the operand is S1, the reference to the value held in Source input 1. Formulas can have multiple operators, and many of the supported operators can have multiple operands.

Certain rules must be followed when entering formulas into the Arithmetic module’s setup registers. In most cases these rules are identical to those followed in conventional mathematics. The following paragraphs detail the rules used in the Arithmetic module, and define the terms used to describe references, functions and syntax errors.

The remainder of this section provides definitions and syntax requirements for the reference operators, functions and constants that can be used in the Arithmetic module.

Numbers, expressions and Booleans

The sections that follow refer to numbers, expressions and Booleans when describing a function’s usage. A number can be a constant or a reference to a Source input, previous Source input, current result or previous result value. In any case, number is defined as any real number.

Expressions are a mathematical “sentence”, containing operators and numbers, that can be evaluated into a number. All of the Arithmetic module’s supported functions accept expressions as well as numbers as valid operands.

Booleans are a special class of number, representing TRUE or FALSE. Any non-zero number, or expression that equals a non-zero number, is TRUE. Zero, or any expression that equals zero, is FALSE. Arithmetic operators will also return TRUE or FALSE depending on whether their conditions are met; for example, S1=S2 will return TRUE (1) if S1 is equal to S2, or FALSE (0) if S1 and S2 are not equal.

Operator associativity and precedence

The following table shows the associativity and precedence of mathematical operators. Arithmetic module associativity and precedence conforms to that used in conventional mathematics.

Operator	Associativity	Precidence
+ or - (unary minus)	right to left	first
power or ^	left to right	second
* or /	left to right	third
+ or -	left to right	fourth
=, <, >, ≤ , ≥, <>, !=, ~=	left to right	fifth

The operators in the above table execute with the associativity and precedence shown, provided there are no extra parentheses included in the formula. You can change the precedence of mathematical operators by placing the expressions that you want evaluated first inside a set of parentheses. Formulas that include multiple sets of parentheses are evaluated “from the inside out;” the expression contained in the innermost set of parentheses is evaluated first.

Syntax errors in formulas

After the formula is entered it must be sent to the device to be checked for syntax errors. It is recommended that a Send & Save operation is performed after each formula is written.

The following examples show formulas with syntax errors and their resulting error messages. The brackets containing the error will appear in the formula near where the error was detected.

NOTE: The examples below contain syntax errors that can only occur with certain ION devices.

1. This statement has a minus sign in the wrong place:

   sum(p1(1:10),p2(1:10),p3(-1:4))

   and results in the following error message:

   "sum(p1(1:10),p2(1:10) {Syntax error near here} ,p3(-1:4))"

2. This statement uses an unsupported previous level; namely 0:

   sum(p1(1:10),p2(1:10),p3(0:4))

   and results in the following error message:

   "sum(p1(1:10),p2(1:10),p3(0:4) {Previous level, 0, is not supported} )"

3. This statement uses an unsupported previous level; namely 11. This happens to be larger than the level set for the device being used.

   sum(p1(1:10),p2(1:11),p3(1:4))

   and results in the following error message:

   "sum(p1(1:10),p2(1:11) {Previous level, 11, is not supported} ,p3(1:4))"

4. This statement’s syntax is correct, but it needs too much internal storage. This is because the Arithmetic module expands all address ranges and previous ranges.

   sum(p1(1:10),p2(1:10),p3(1:10),p4(1:10))

   and results in the following error message:

   "Expanded address ranges caused overflow in internal storage."

Reference definitions

References allow you to use values from Source inputs, previous Source inputs, formula results and previous formula results in your formulas. Ranges of values can also be referenced. Definitions and syntax requirements for the supported references and reference operators are provided in this section. The following table summarizes the available reference operators:

Reference	Description	Usage
S	Source input value	Sinput#
:	address range	Sinput#1:Sinput#2
P	previous Source input value	Pinput#(previous#) or Pinput#(previous range)
:	previous range	previous#1:previous#2
R	current formula result	Rformula#
PR	previous formula result	PRformula#

Referencing Source Input Values

• Current values held in Source inputs Source 1 through Source n are referenced in formulas using the letter S and the number of the input. For example, Source 1 is referenced by the expression S1, and Source 8 is referenced with S8. The letter S can be uppercase or lowercase. The address range operator can be used to simplify formulas when referencing Source input values.

S (Source input)

• Syntax: Sinput#
• Where input# is the Source input number.
• Example: S1 references Source input 1

: (address range)

• The Address Range operator provides a way to specify a sequential range of Source input references without having to type each one into the formula.
• Syntax: Sinput#1:Sinput#2
• Sinput#1 is the beginning of the sequential range of Source inputs.

  Sinput#2 is the end of the sequential range of Source inputs.

• Example: SUM(S1:S5) returns the sum of the range S1, S2, S3, S4, S5

Referencing Previous Source Inputs Values

• A number of previous Source input values are stored in the device’s memory and are available for use in Arithmetic module formulas (the number of previous values retained in memory depends on the device you are using).

  Node type	Previous values held in buffers
  ION meter	up to 10
  Virtual processor	up to 60

  NOTE: By default, Source input values shift to previous values at the update rate of the ION device (usually once per second). When a current Source shifted to previous input 1, all existing previous values shift one step back, and the last previous value is discarded. You can control when input values shift to previous values by linking the CalculateNow input to another module’s pulse output register. See the CalculateNow input description for details.

• Source input values are shifted to previous values in one of two ways, depending on whether the CalculateNow input is linked or unlinked. If CalculateNow is unlinked, input values shift one step back at the update rate of the device (see Setup Registers). If CalculateNow is linked, input values shift one step back only when the CalculateNow input is pulsed.
• Previous values are referenced using the form Px(y), where x represents the Source input number and y is the number of steps back from the current value. For example, P3(2) calls the second previous value from Source input 3.
• Range operators can be used to simplify formulas when referencing previous Source input values.

P (previous)

The Previous operator allows you to specify the value held by a Source input in previous calculation cycles.

• Syntax: Pinput#(previous#)
• Where input# is the Source input number.

  previous# is the number of steps back from the current Source input value.

• Examples: P1(1) calls the value from input 1, 1 step back from the current value

  P5(6) calls the value from input 5, 6 steps back from the current value

  SUM(P3(1:4)) will return the sum of previous values 1 through 4 from Source input 3 (see previous range function)

: (previous range)

• The Previous Range operator provides a way to specify a sequential range of previous Source input values inside the Previous function without having to type each value into the formula.
• Syntax: previous#1:previous#2
• previous#1 is the first in the sequential range of previous Source input values.

  previous#2 is the last in the sequential range of previous Source input values.

• Example: P1(1:4) references the Source input 1 previous values 1, 2, 3 and 4 steps back from the current value (see the Previous function)

Referencing Current and Previous Formula Results

A Result reference provides the result of the formula in another setup register, evaluated in the current calculation cycle of the module. To use Result, the formula referenced must be in a ‘preceding” setup register; for example, a formula in setup register 5 can reference the result from formulas in setup registers 1, 2, 3 or 4. It cannot reference results from formulas in setup registers 6 or higher. This is because the module evaluates the formulas in sequence, from setup register 1 on.

NOTE: The result operator is particularly useful for long equations. For example, you can use Formula1 to enter the first half of an equation; then you can continue the formula in Formula2 by using R1 to represent the result of Formula1.

Similar to Result, the Previous Result operator allows you to reference the result of a formula that was evaluated in the previous calculation cycle of the module. This is especially useful for calculating accumulations. Previous Result only goes back one step; no facility exists to reference previous formula results from 2 or more steps back.

R (result)

The Result operator allows you to call results from formulas in other setup registers. Results are returned from formulas evaluated in the current calculation cycle.

• Syntax: Rformula#
• Where formula# is the Result output number.
• Examples: R4 calls the value from Result output register 4 (valid only if used in setup register 5 or higher)

  R6 calls the value from Result output register 6 (valid only if used in setup register 7 or higher)

PR (previous result)

The Previous Result operator allows you to call previous results from formulas in other setup registers. Previous results are returned from formulas evaluated in the previous calculation cycle. Note that the Previous Result operator will return zero if the previous result referenced is a NOT AVAILABLE value. Previous result operators can be used in all formulas (unlike Result operators).

• Syntax: PRformula#
• Where formula# is the Result output number.
• Examples: PR4 calls the previous value from Result output register 4.

  S1 + PR1 in the Formula 1 setup register will accumulate the values appearing at Source input S1 in the Result output register 1. The values at S1 are accumulated every time the module updates.

Function definitions

There are four types of functions that can be used in the Arithmetic module, classified by the number of operands they may contain. Syntax requirements for each function are detailed in this section.

Single-operand functions

Single-operand functions operate on a single number, expression or Boolean operand. The following table summarizes the available functions.

Single-operand function	Description	Usage
abs	absolute value	abs(number)
arccos	arccosine function	arccos(number)
arcsin	arcsine function	arcsin(number)
arctan	arctangent function	arctan(number)
C_to_F	temperature conversion	C_to_F(number)
Ceil	integer ceiling function	ceil(number)
cos	cosine function	Cos(number)
F_to_C	temperature conversion	F_to_C(number)
Floor	integer floor function	floor(number)
ln	natural logarithm	ln(number)
log10	base 10 logarithm	log10(number)
not	Boolean NOT	not(Boolean)
sin	sine function	sin(number)
sqrt	square root	sqrt(number)
tan	tangent function	tan(number)
-	unary minus	-number or -(expression)
Type_J	linearization	Type_J(number)
Type_K	linearization	Type_K(number)
Type_R	linearization	Type_R(number)
Type_RTD	linearization	Type_RTD(number)
Type_T	linearization	Type_T(number)

NOTE: Function operators can be entered using any combination of uppercase or lowercase letters.

NOTE: Number can be replaced by expression in the above table, except in the case of the unary minus function.

ABS

Returns the absolute value of a number or expression.

• Syntax: ABS(number)
• Where number is the real number for which you want the absolute value.
• Examples: ABS(-50) equals 50

  ABS(50) equals 50

ARCCOS

Returns the arccosine of a number or expression. Arccosine is the inverse of cosine; the angle returned from the arccos function is the angle whose cosine is the original number entered into the function. The angle returned from the arccos function is given in radians, and will be in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ PI.

• Syntax: ARCCOS(number)
• Where number is the cosine of the angle you want and must be in the range -1 ≤ number ≤ 1.
• Examples: ARCCOS(-0.5) equals 2.094395 (2PI/3 radians)

  ARCCOS(-0.5)*180/PI equals 120 (degrees)

ARCSIN

Returns the arcsine of a number or expression. Arcsine is the inverse of sine; the angle returned from the arcsine function is the angle whose sine is the original number entered into the function. The returned angle is given in radians in the range -PI/2 ≤ x ≤ PI/2.

• Syntax: ARCSIN(number)
• Where number is the sine of the angle you want, and must be in the range -1 ≤ number ≤ 1.
• Examples: ARCSIN(-0.5) equals -0.5236 (-PI/6 radians)

  ARCSIN(-0.5)*180/PI equals -30 (degrees)

ARCTAN

Returns the arctangent of a number or expression. Arctangent is the inverse of tangent; the angle returned from the arctan function is the angle whose tangent is the original number entered into the function. The returned angle is given in radians in the range -PI/2 < x < PI/2.

• Syntax: ARCTAN(number)
• Where number is the tangent of the angle you want.
• Examples: ARCTAN(1) equals 0.785398 (PI/4 radians)

  ARCTAN(1)*180/PI equals 45 (degrees)

C_to_F

Returns the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit for each number in degrees Celsius.

• Syntax: C_to_F(number)
• Where number is the temperature in Celsius for which you want the Fahrenheit equivalent.
• Example: C_to_F(16.6) equals 61.88

CEIL

Returns the closest integer value that is greater than or equal to number.

• Syntax: ceil(number)
• Where number is the value you want the ceiling of.
• Examples: Ceil(12.73) equals 13

  Ceil(-5.5) equals -5

  Ceil (6.0) equals 6.0

COS

Returns the cosine of a number or expression.

• Syntax: COS(number)
• Where number is the angle in radians for which you want the cosine.
• Examples: COS(1.047) equals 0.500171

  COS(60*PI/180) equals 0.5, the cosine of 60 degrees

F_to_C

Returns the temperature in degrees Celsius of a number in degrees Fahrenheit.

• Syntax: F_to_C(number)
• Where number is the temperature in Fahrenheit for which you want the Celsius equivalent.
• Example: F_to_C(61.88) equals 16.56

Floor

Returns the closest integer value that is less than or equal to number.

• Syntax: Floor(number)
• Where number is the value for which you want the floor of.
• Examples: Floor(12.73) equals 12

  Floor (-5.7) equals –6.0

  Floor (6.0) equals 6.0

LN

Returns the natural logarithm of a number or expression.

• Syntax: LN(number)
• Where number is the positive real number for which you want the natural logarithm.
• Example: LN(86) equals 4.454347

LOG10

Returns the base 10 logarithm of a number or expression.

• Syntax: LOG10(number)
• Where number is the positive real number for which you want the base 10 logarithm.
• Examples: LOG10(86) equals 1.934498451

  LOG10(10) equals 1

  LOG10(10^5) equals 5

NOT

Returns the reverse value of a Boolean. If the Boolean is FALSE, NOT returns TRUE; if the Boolean is TRUE, NOT returns FALSE.

• Syntax: NOT(Boolean)
• Where Boolean can be evaluated to TRUE (non-zero) or FALSE (0).
• Examples: NOT(0) equals TRUE

  NOT((1+1)=2) equals FALSE

SIN

Returns the sine of the number or expression.

NOTE: The expression SIN(PI) will return 1.22E-16, a number very closely approximating zero. The Arithmetic module interprets this number as non-zero, so it will return TRUE if used as a Boolean test.

• Syntax: SIN(number)
• Where number is the angle in radians for which you want the sine.
• Examples: SIN(PI) equals 1.22E-16, which is approximately zero (the sine of PI is zero)

  SIN(PI/2) equals 1

  SIN(30*PI/180) equals 0.5, the sine of 30 degrees

SQRT

Returns the square root of a number or expression.

• Syntax: SQRT(number)
• Where number is the positive number for which you want the square root. If number is negative, the associated Result output register will be NOT AVAILABLE.
• Examples: SQRT(16) equals 4

  SQRT(-16) makes the associated Result output NOT AVAILABLE

TAN

Returns the tangent of a number or expression.

• Syntax: TAN(number)
• Where number is the angle in radians for which you want the tangent.
• Examples: TAN(0.785) equals 0.99920

  TAN(45*PI/180) equals 1

- (unary minus)

Returns the arithmetic inverse of a number or expression.

• Syntax: -number, -(expression)
• Where number is the positive real number for which you want the arithmetic inverse.

  Where expression you want the inverse of must be enclosed in parentheses.

• Examples: -56 equals “minus 56” (the arithmetic inverse of 56)

  -(SIN(13.265)) equals the arithmetic inverse of SIN(13.265)

Type_J (thermocouple linearization)

Returns the linearized (corrected) value for a Type J thermocouple measurement. The ScaledValu output of an Analog Input module must be referenced, and the setup registers for the Analog Input module must be left at their default values. Linearized temperature is returned in degrees Celsius.

NOTE: Refer to the Thermocouple Linearization discussion in the “Detailed Module Operation” section of this module description for more on ION module settings and hardware configuration.

• Syntax: Type_J(S#)
• Where # is the number of the Source input that is connected to the Analog Input module’s ScaledValu output.
• Example: Type_J(S1) returns the linearized measurement of the Type J thermocouple connected to an input device monitored by and Analog Input module. The Analog Input module’s ScaledValu output is connected to the Arithmetic module’s Source input #1.

Type_K (thermocouple linearization)

Returns the linearized (corrected) value for a Type K thermocouple measurement. The ScaledValu output of an Analog Input module must be referenced, and the setup registers for the Analog Input module must be left at their default values. Linearized temperature is returned in degrees Celsius.

• Syntax: Type_K(S#)
• Where # is the number of the Source input that is connected to the Analog Input module’s ScaledValu input.
• Example: Type_K(S2) returns the linearized measurement of the Type K thermocouple signal linked to Source input 2

Type_R (thermocouple linearization)

Returns the linearized (corrected) value for a Type R thermocouple measurement. The ScaledValu output of an Analog Input module must be referenced, and the setup registers for the Analog Input module must be left at their default values. Linearized temperature is returned in degrees Celsius.

• Syntax: Type_R(S#)
• Where # is the number of the Source input that is connected to the Analog Input module’s ScaledValu input.
• Example: Type_K(S1) returns the linearized measurement of the Type R thermocouple signal linked to Source input 1

Type_RTD (RTD linearization)

Returns the linearized (corrected) value for a Resistance Temperature Detector measurement. The ScaledValu output of an Analog Input module must be referenced, and the setup registers for the Analog Input module must be left at their default values. Linearized temperature is returned in degrees Celsius.

• Syntax: Type_RTD(S#)
• Where # is the number of the Source input that is connected to the Analog Input module’s ScaledValu input.
• Example: Type_RTD(S4) returns the linearized measurement of the Resistance Temperature Detector’s signal linked to Source input 4

Type_T (thermocouple linearization)

Returns the linearized (corrected) value for a Type T thermocouple measurement. The ScaledValu output of an Analog Input module must be referenced, and the setup registers for the Analog Input module must be left at their default values. Linearized temperature is returned in degrees Celsius.

• Syntax: Type_T(S#)
• Where # is the number of the Source input that is connected to the Analog Input module’s ScaledValu input.
• Type_T(S3) returns the linearized measurement of the Type K thermocouple signal linked to Source input 3

Binary or Two-Operand Functions

Binary functions operate on two numbers, expressions or Booleans. The following table summarizes the available functions.

Binary function	Description	Usage
/	division	number/number
DIV	integer divide	Div(number, number)
=	equals	number=number
>	greater than	number>number
≥	greater than or equal	number≥number
<	less than number	number < number
≤	less than or equal	number≤ number
MOD	modulus	Mod(number, number)
-	minus	number-number
*	multiplication	number*number
<>, ~=, !=	does not equal	number<>number number~=number number!=number
+	addition	number+number
POWER, ^	exponent	POWER(number, number) number^number

NOTE: Binary operators can be typed into the formula string with or without spaces between operators and operands. It is recommended that spaces are not used, as each space wastes one character in the formula.

NOTE: Number can be replaced by expression in the above table.

= (equals)

The equals operator is used to test if one number or expression is equal to another.

• Syntax: number1=number2
• The result will be TRUE if number1 is equal to number2, and will be FALSE if number1 does not equal number2.

/ (divide)

The divide operator is used to divide one number or expression by another.

• Syntax: number1/number2

• Where number1 is the original value (dividend).

  number2 is the value that number1 is divided by (divisor).

  Note: If number2 is zero (0), the corresponding Result output will become NOT AVAILABLE.

DIV (integer divide)

The divide operator will return the integer portion of the result of dividing one number by another.

• Syntax: Div(number1,number2)
• Where number1 is the number you want to be divided.

  number2 is the number you want to divide by.

• Examples: Div(10.5,10) equals 1

  Div(27.25,5) equals 5

  Div(10,2.5) equals 4

> (greater than)

The greater than operator is used to test if one number or expression is greater than another.

• Syntax: number1>number2
• The result will be TRUE if number1 is greater (larger) than to number2, and will be FALSE if number1 is less than or equal to number2.

≥ (greater than or equal)

The greater than or equal operator is used to test if a number or expression is greater than or equal to another.

• Syntax: number1≥number2
• The result will be TRUE if number1 is greater (larger) than or equal to number2, and will be FALSE if number1 is less than number2.

< (less than)

The less than operator is used to test if one number or expression is less than another.

• Syntax: number1<number2
• The result will be TRUE if number1 is less than number2, and will be FALSE if number1 is greater than or equal to number2.

≤ (less than or equal)

The less than or equal operator is used to test if one number or expression is less than or equal to some other number or expression.

• Syntax: number1≤ number2
• The result will be TRUE if number1 is less than or equal to number2, and will be FALSE if number1 is greater than number2.

- (minus)

The minus operator is used to subtract one number or expression from another.

• Syntax: number1-number2
• Where number2 is subtracted from number1.

MOD (modulus)

The modulus operator will give you the remainder of a divide operation.

• Syntax: Mod(number1,number2)
• Examples: Mod(10.5,10) equals 0.5

  Mod(27.25,5) equals 2.25

  Mod(10,2.5) equals 0

* (multiply)

The multiplication operator is used to multiply one number or expression by another.

• Syntax: number1*number2
• Where number1 and number2 are multiplied together.

<> (not equal)

The not equal operator is used to test if one number or expression is not equal to another.

• Syntax: number1<>number2

  number1~=number2

  number1!=number2

• The result will be TRUE if number1 does not equal number2, and will be FALSE if number1 does equal number2.

+ (plus)

The addition operator is used to add one number or expression to another.

• Syntax: number1+number2
• Where number1 and number2 are added together.

power

Raises a number or expression to the power of another number or expression.

• Syntax: POWER(number1, number2)

  number1^number2

• Where number1 is the base number.

  number2 is the exponent.

• POWER(6,2) equals 36

  6^2 equals 36

  4^5/4 equals 5.656854

Tertiary or three-operand functions

Tertiary functions operates on three operand expressions. The IF function is the only tertiary operator supported in the Arithmetic module.

Tertiary Function	Description	Usage
IF	if conditional	IF (Boolean, number, number)

Note that number can be replaced by expression in the above table.

IF

Returns one number if the Boolean test evaluates TRUE (evaluates to a non-zero number), and another number if it evaluates FALSE (evaluates to 0).

NOTE: The IF function is unique in that it can return a valid result when one of its operands is a reference to a NOT AVAILABLESource input. For example, in the expression IF(S1, S2, S3), if S1 is TRUE, then S2 is returned. In this case, if S3 is NOT AVAILABLE, the function will still return S2 as a valid result. However, if S1 is FALSE, the function will attempt to return S3, and the result will be NOT AVAILABLE.

• Syntax: IF(Boolean, number1, number2)
• Where: Boolean can be evaluated to TRUE (non-zero) or FALSE (0).

  number1 is the value that is returned if Boolean is TRUE.

  number2 is the value that is returned if Boolean is FALSE.

• Example: IF(S1>S2, S3, S4) returns S3 if S1>S2, or returns S4 if S1≤ S2

Multiple-operand functions

Multiple-operand functions operate on a list of operands. The following table summarizes the available functions.

Multiple-operand function	Description	Usage
AND	Boolean AND	AND(Boolean1, Boolean2…Boolean n)
AVG	average	AVG(number1, number2…number n)
MAX	maximum	MAX(number1, number2…number n)
MIN	minimum	MIN(number1, number2…number n)
OR	Boolean OR	OR(Boolean1, Boolean2…Boolean n)
RMS	root mean square	RMS(number1, number2…number n)
SUM	summation	SUM(number1, number2…number n)
SUMSQ	square of the sum	SUMSQ(number1, number2…number n)

Note that number can be replaced by expression in the above table.

AND

Returns TRUE if all Booleans are TRUE; returns FALSE if one or more Booleans is FALSE.

• Syntax: AND(Boolean1,Boolean2, ...)
• Where Boolean1,Boolean2, ... are 1 to n conditions you want to test that can be either TRUE (non-zero) or FALSE (0).
• Examples: AND(1, 1) equals TRUE

  AND(1, 0) equals FALSE

  AND(2+2=4, 2+3=5) equals TRUE

  If S1:S3 contains the values that evaluate to TRUE, FALSE, and TRUE, then: AND(S1:S3) equals FALSE

AVG

Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the numbers or expressions.

• Syntax: AVG(number1, number2, ...)
• Where number1, number2,... are 1 to n numbers for which you want the average.
• Examples: If S1:S5 contains the numbers 10, 7, 9, 27, and 2, then:

  AVG(S1:S5) equals 11

  AVG(S1:S5, 5) equals 10

MAX

Returns the maximum value in a list of numbers or expressions.

• Syntax: MAX(number1, number2, ...)
• Where number1, number2,... are 1 to n numbers for which you want the maximum.
• Examples: If S1:S5 contains the numbers 12, 7, 9, 27, and 2, then:

  MAX(S1:S5) equals 27

MIN

Returns the minimum value in a list of numbers or expressions.

• Syntax: MIN(number1, number2, ...)
• Where number1, number2,... are 1 to n numbers for which you want the minimum.
• Examples: If S1:S5 contains the numbers 42, 7, 9, 27, and 2, then:

  MIN(S1:S5) equals 2

  MIN(S1:S5, 0) equals 0

OR

Returns TRUE if any Boolean is TRUE; returns FALSE if all Booleans are FALSE.

• Syntax: OR(Boolean1,Boolean2,…)
• Where Boolean1,Boolean2, ... are 1 to n conditions that can be either TRUE (nonzero) or FALSE (0).
• Examples: OR(1) equals TRUE (non-zero)

  OR(1+1=1,2+2=5) equals FALSE (0)

RMS

Returns the Root Mean Square of the numbers or expressions.

• Syntax: RMS(number1, number2, ...)
• Where number1, number2,... are 1 to n numbers for which you want the Root Mean Square.
• Example: RMS(2,3) equals 2.549510

SUM

Returns the sum of the numbers or expressions.

• Syntax: SUM(number1, number2, ...)
• Where number1, number2,... are 1 to n numbers for which you want the sum.
• Examples : SUM(3, 2) equals 5

  SUM(S2:S5) equals the sum of Source inputs 2, 3, 4 and 5

SUMSQ

Returns the sum of the squares of the numbers or expressions.

• Syntax: SUMSQ(number1, number2,...)
• Where number1, number2,... are 1 to n numbers for which you want the sum of the squares.
• Example: SUMSQ(3, 4) equals 25

Constants

Arithmetic module formulas can include the following constant:

Constant	Description
PI	The constant PI: the relationship of a circle’s circumference to its diameter.

PI

The constant PI is equal to 3.14159265358979, accurate to 15 digits.

• Syntax: PI
• Example: 4*PI equals 4 times PI, or 12.5664